A curve CC has equation 3x2−2xy+5y2=14.3x^2 - 2xy + 5y^2 = 14.

  1. (i)

    Show that dydx=3x−yx−5y.\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3x - y}{x - 5y}.

  2. (ii)

    Find the exact x-coordinates of the points on the curve CC at which the tangent is parallel to the y-axis.

  3. (iii)

    A point P(x,y)P(x,y) moves along the curve CC in such a way that yy decreases at a constant rate of 7 units per second. Given that xx increases at the instant when y=1y = 1, find the corresponding rate of change in xx.

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Worked solution

2(i)

1. Apply implicit differentiation and the product rule to differentiate the equation with respect to $x$.

ddx(3x2)−ddx(2xy)+ddx(5y2)=ddx(14)\frac{d}{dx}(3x^2) - \frac{d}{dx}(2xy) + \frac{d}{dx}(5y^2) = \frac{d}{dx}(14)
6x−(2y+2xdydx)+10ydydx=06x - \left( 2y + 2x \frac{dy}{dx} \right) + 10y \frac{dy}{dx} = 0
6x−2y−2xdydx+10ydydx=06x - 2y - 2x \frac{dy}{dx} + 10y \frac{dy}{dx} = 0

2. Group the terms containing $\frac{dy}{dx}$ and factorize.

6x−2y=2xdydx−10ydydx6x - 2y = 2x \frac{dy}{dx} - 10y \frac{dy}{dx}
6x−2y=(2x−10y)dydx6x - 2y = (2x - 10y)\frac{dy}{dx}

3. Isolate $\frac{dy}{dx}$ and simplify by factoring out a common factor of 2 to obtain the final expression.

dydx=6x−2y2x−10y\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{6x - 2y}{2x - 10y}
dydx=2(3x−y)2(x−5y)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{2(3x - y)}{2(x - 5y)}
dydx=3x−yx−5y\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3x - y}{x - 5y}

Answer

Shown\text{Shown}

2(ii)

1. Set the denominator of $\frac{dy}{dx}$ to 0 to establish the condition for a vertical tangent.

For a tangent to be parallel to the y-axis, the gradient dydx\frac{dy}{dx} is undefined. This occurs when the denominator is zero:
x−5y=0x - 5y = 0
y=x5y = \frac{x}{5}

2. Substitute the expression for $y$ into the original equation of the curve.

3x2−2x(x5)+5(x5)2=143x^2 - 2x\left(\frac{x}{5}\right) + 5\left(\frac{x}{5}\right)^2 = 14
3x2−2x25+5(x225)=143x^2 - \frac{2x^2}{5} + 5\left(\frac{x^2}{25}\right) = 14
3x2−2x25+x25=143x^2 - \frac{2x^2}{5} + \frac{x^2}{5} = 14

3. Solve the resulting quadratic equation for the exact $x$-coordinates.

Multiply the entire equation by 5 to clear the denominators:
15x2−2x2+x2=7015x^2 - 2x^2 + x^2 = 70
14x2=7014x^2 = 70
x2=5x^2 = 5
x=±5x = \pm\sqrt{5}

Answer

x=5x = \sqrt{5} or x=−5x = -\sqrt{5}

2(iii)

1. Find the possible $x$-coordinates on the curve when $y = 1$.

Substitute y=1y = 1 into the equation of the curve CC:
3x2−2x(1)+5(1)2=143x^2 - 2x(1) + 5(1)^2 = 14
3x2−2x−9=03x^2 - 2x - 9 = 0
Using the quadratic formula to solve for xx:
x=−(−2)±(−2)2−4(3)(−9)2(3)x = \frac{-(-2) \pm \sqrt{(-2)^2 - 4(3)(-9)}}{2(3)}
x=2±1126=1±273x = \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{112}}{6} = \frac{1 \pm 2\sqrt{7}}{3}

2. Relate the rates of change using the chain rule to form an expression for $\frac{dx}{dt}$.

Using the chain rule, dydt=dydx×dxdt\frac{dy}{dt} = \frac{dy}{dx} \times \frac{dx}{dt}.
Given dydt=−7\frac{dy}{dt} = -7 and from part (i) dydx=3x−yx−5y\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3x - y}{x - 5y}, substitute y=1y = 1:
−7=(3x−1x−5)dxdt-7 = \left( \frac{3x - 1}{x - 5} \right) \frac{dx}{dt}
dxdt=−7(x−5)3x−1\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{-7(x - 5)}{3x - 1}

3. Determine which value of $x$ gives $\frac{dx}{dt} > 0$ and calculate the exact rate of change.

For x=1−273≈−1.43x = \frac{1 - 2\sqrt{7}}{3} \approx -1.43:
x−5<0x - 5 < 0 and 3x−1<03x - 1 < 0.
Thus, dxdt=−7(−)−<0\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{-7(-)}{-} < 0, which contradicts the condition that xx increases.

For x=1+273≈2.10x = \frac{1 + 2\sqrt{7}}{3} \approx 2.10:
x−5<0x - 5 < 0 and 3x−1>03x - 1 > 0.
Thus, dxdt=−7(−)+>0\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{-7(-)}{+} > 0, which satisfies the condition.

Substitute the accepted x=1+273x = \frac{1 + 2\sqrt{7}}{3} to find the exact rate:
dxdt=−7(1+273−5)3(1+273)−1=−7(27−143)27\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{-7\left( \frac{1 + 2\sqrt{7}}{3} - 5 \right)}{3\left( \frac{1 + 2\sqrt{7}}{3} \right) - 1} = \frac{-7\left( \frac{2\sqrt{7} - 14}{3} \right)}{2\sqrt{7}}
dxdt=98−14767=49−7737\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{98 - 14\sqrt{7}}{6\sqrt{7}} = \frac{49 - 7\sqrt{7}}{3\sqrt{7}}
Rationalising the denominator:
dxdt=(49−77)721=497−4921=7(7−1)3\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{(49 - 7\sqrt{7})\sqrt{7}}{21} = \frac{49\sqrt{7} - 49}{21} = \frac{7(\sqrt{7} - 1)}{3}

Answer

\frac{7(\sqrt{7} - 1)}{3} \text{ units per second}

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