The function f is defined by f:x↦1x2+6x+5f : x \mapsto \dfrac{1}{x^2 + 6x + 5}, for x≥−3x \ge -3, x≠−1x \ne -1. The function g is defined by g:x↦exg : x \mapsto e^x, for x∈Rx \in \mathbb{R}.

  1. (a)

    Find f−1(x)f^{-1}(x).

  2. (b)

    Find algebraically the range of f.

  3. (c)

    Find the exact range of g f.

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Worked solution

4(a)

1. Set up the equation $y = \mathrm{f}(x)$ and rearrange to isolate the quadratic expression in $x$.

Let y=f(x)y = f(x).
y=1x2+6x+5y = \frac{1}{x^2 + 6x + 5}
x2+6x+5=1yx^2 + 6x + 5 = \frac{1}{y}

2. Complete the square to make $x$ the subject.

(x+3)2−9+5=1y(x+3)^2 - 9 + 5 = \frac{1}{y}
(x+3)2−4=1y(x+3)^2 - 4 = \frac{1}{y}
(x+3)2=1y+4(x+3)^2 = \frac{1}{y} + 4
x+3=±1y+4x+3 = \pm\sqrt{\frac{1}{y} + 4}
x=−3±1y+4x = -3 \pm \sqrt{\frac{1}{y} + 4}

3. Apply the domain restriction to choose the correct root and state $f^{-1}(x)$.

Since the domain of ff is x≥−3x \ge -3 (with x≠−1x \ne -1), we have x+3≥0x + 3 \ge 0.
Thus, we must take the positive root:
x=−3+1y+4x = -3 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{y} + 4}
Replacing yy with xx to express the inverse function:
f−1(x)=−3+1x+4f^{-1}(x) = -3 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{x} + 4}

Answer

f−1(x)=−3+1x+4f^{-1}(x) = -3 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{x} + 4}

4(b)

1. Express the denominator in completed square form to easily track its values.

We first complete the square for the quadratic expression in the denominator:
x2+6x+5=(x+3)2−32+5=(x+3)2−4x^2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)^2 - 3^2 + 5 = (x + 3)^2 - 4
Thus, f(x)=1(x+3)2−4\mathrm{f}(x) = \dfrac{1}{(x + 3)^2 - 4}.

2. Determine the range of possible values for the denominator based on the given domain restrictions.

Given the domain is x≥−3x \ge -3 and x≠−1x \ne -1:
x+3≥0andx+3≠2x + 3 \ge 0 \quad \text{and} \quad x + 3 \ne 2
Squaring these conditions gives:
(x+3)2≥0and(x+3)2≠4(x + 3)^2 \ge 0 \quad \text{and} \quad (x + 3)^2 \ne 4
Subtracting 44 to match the denominator:
(x+3)2−4≥−4and(x+3)2−4≠0(x + 3)^2 - 4 \ge -4 \quad \text{and} \quad (x + 3)^2 - 4 \ne 0
This means the denominator takes values in the intervals [−4,0)[-4, 0) and (0,∞)(0, \infty).

3. Deduce the overall range by taking the reciprocal of the denominator's values.

We evaluate the reciprocal for each interval of the denominator.
For −4≤(x+3)2−4<0-4 \le (x + 3)^2 - 4 < 0, taking the reciprocal of negative values reverses the inequality for the lower bound:
1(x+3)2−4≤−14\dfrac{1}{(x + 3)^2 - 4} \le -\dfrac{1}{4}
For (x+3)2−4>0(x + 3)^2 - 4 > 0, taking the reciprocal of positive values maintains strict positivity:
1(x+3)2−4>0\dfrac{1}{(x + 3)^2 - 4} > 0
Therefore, combining these cases gives the overall range of f\mathrm{f}.

Answer

f(x)≤−14 or f(x)>0\mathrm{f}(x) \le -\dfrac{1}{4} \text{ or } \mathrm{f}(x) > 0

4(c)

1. Determine the range of the inner function $f$ (as carried over from part b)

f(x)=1x2+6x+5=1(x+3)2−4f(x) = \dfrac{1}{x^2 + 6x + 5} = \dfrac{1}{(x+3)^2 - 4}
Given the domain x≥−3x \ge -3 and x≠−1x \ne -1, we have (x+3)2≥0(x+3)^2 \ge 0 and (x+3)2≠4(x+3)^2 \ne 4.
The denominator (x+3)2−4(x+3)^2 - 4 therefore takes values in [−4,0)∪(0,∞)[-4, 0) \cup (0, \infty).
Taking the reciprocal, the range of ff is Rf=(−∞,−14]∪(0,∞)\text{R}_f = (-\infty, -\frac{1}{4}] \cup (0, \infty).

2. Evaluate the range of the composite function $gf$ by applying $g$ to the range of $f$

The range of gfgf is the set of values obtained by substituting Rf\text{R}_f into the outer function g(x)=exg(x) = e^x.
Since g(x)=exg(x) = e^x is a strictly increasing, continuous function for all real xx:
For y∈(−∞,−14]y \in (-\infty, -\frac{1}{4}], 0<ey≤e−1/40 < e^y \le e^{-1/4}.
For y∈(0,∞)y \in (0, \infty), ey>e0=1e^y > e^0 = 1.
Combining these intervals, the exact range of gfgf is (0,e−1/4]∪(1,∞)(0, e^{-1/4}] \cup (1, \infty).

Answer

(0,e−1/4]∪(1,∞)(0, e^{-1/4}] \cup (1, \infty)

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