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  1. (i)

    It is given that complex numbers z1z_1 and z2z_2 are the roots of the equation z2−6z+36=0z^2 - 6z + 36 = 0 such that arg⁡(z1)>arg⁡(z2)\arg(z_1) > \arg(z_2). Find exact expressions of z1z_1 and z2z_2 in the form reiθre^{i\theta}, where r>0r > 0 and −π<θ≤π-\pi < \theta \le \pi.

  2. (ii)

    Find the complex number z14iz2\dfrac{z_1^4}{i z_2} in exact polar form.

  3. (iii)

    Find the smallest positive integer nn such that z2nz_2^n is a positive real number.

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Worked solution

8(i)

1. Solve the quadratic equation to find the complex roots in Cartesian form.

z=−(−6)±(−6)2−4(1)(36)2z = \frac{-(-6) \pm \sqrt{(-6)^2 - 4(1)(36)}}{2}
z=6±36−1442z = \frac{6 \pm \sqrt{36 - 144}}{2}
z=6±−1082z = \frac{6 \pm \sqrt{-108}}{2}
z=6±63i2z = \frac{6 \pm 6\sqrt{3}i}{2}
z=3±33iz = 3 \pm 3\sqrt{3}i

2. Calculate the modulus of the roots.

For both roots, the modulus rr is:
r=32+(±33)2r = \sqrt{3^2 + (\pm 3\sqrt{3})^2}
r=9+27r = \sqrt{9 + 27}
r=36=6r = \sqrt{36} = 6

3. Find the arguments, distinguish $z_1$ and $z_2$, and express them in $re^{i\theta}$ form.

For 3+33i3 + 3\sqrt{3}i (first quadrant):
arg⁡(z)=tan⁡−1(333)=tan⁡−1(3)=π3\arg(z) = \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{3}\right) = \tan^{-1}(\sqrt{3}) = \frac{\pi}{3}
For 3−33i3 - 3\sqrt{3}i (fourth quadrant):
arg⁡(z)=−tan⁡−1(333)=−π3\arg(z) = -\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{3}\right) = -\frac{\pi}{3}

Given arg⁡(z1)>arg⁡(z2)\arg(z_1) > \arg(z_2), we have arg⁡(z1)=π3\arg(z_1) = \frac{\pi}{3} and arg⁡(z2)=−π3\arg(z_2) = -\frac{\pi}{3}.
Therefore, in the exact form reiθre^{i\theta}:
z1=6eiπ3z_1 = 6e^{i\frac{\pi}{3}}
z2=6e−iπ3z_2 = 6e^{-i\frac{\pi}{3}}

Answer

z1=6eiπ3z_1 = 6e^{i\frac{\pi}{3}}
z2=6e−iπ3z_2 = 6e^{-i\frac{\pi}{3}}

8(ii)

1. Concisely solve part (i) to find the exponential forms of $z_1$ and $z_2$ (which are required for this part).

z2−6z+36=0  ⟹  z=6±36−1442=3±33iz^2 - 6z + 36 = 0 \implies z = \dfrac{6 \pm \sqrt{36 - 144}}{2} = 3 \pm 3\sqrt{3}i

Modulus r=32+(33)2=9+27=6r = \sqrt{3^2 + (3\sqrt{3})^2} = \sqrt{9 + 27} = 6.
Argument θ=±tan⁡−1(333)=±π3\theta = \pm\tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{3}\right) = \pm\dfrac{\pi}{3}.

Given arg⁡(z1)>arg⁡(z2)\arg(z_1) > \arg(z_2), we have z1=6eiπ3z_1 = 6e^{i\frac{\pi}{3}} and z2=6e−iπ3z_2 = 6e^{-i\frac{\pi}{3}}.

2. Compute the modulus of the required expression.

∣z14iz2∣=∣z1∣4∣i∣∣z2∣=64(1)(6)=216\left| \dfrac{z_1^4}{i z_2} \right| = \dfrac{|z_1|^4}{|i| |z_2|} = \dfrac{6^4}{(1)(6)} = 216

3. Compute the argument of the required expression.

arg⁡(z14iz2)=4arg⁡(z1)−arg⁡(i)−arg⁡(z2)\arg\left( \dfrac{z_1^4}{i z_2} \right) = 4\arg(z_1) - \arg(i) - \arg(z_2)
=4(π3)−π2−(−π3)= 4\left(\dfrac{\pi}{3}\right) - \dfrac{\pi}{2} - \left(-\dfrac{\pi}{3}\right)
=4π3−π2+π3=7π6= \dfrac{4\pi}{3} - \dfrac{\pi}{2} + \dfrac{\pi}{3} = \dfrac{7\pi}{6}

4. Adjust the argument to the principal range and express the result in exact polar form.

The principal argument must lie in (−π,π](-\pi, \pi].
θ=7π6−2π=−5π6\theta = \dfrac{7\pi}{6} - 2\pi = -\dfrac{5\pi}{6}

In exact polar form, the complex number is:
216(cos⁡(−5π6)+isin⁡(−5π6))216\left(\cos\left(-\dfrac{5\pi}{6}\right) + i\sin\left(-\dfrac{5\pi}{6}\right)\right)

Answer

216(cos⁡(−5π6)+isin⁡(−5π6))216\left(\cos\left(-\dfrac{5\pi}{6}\right) + i\sin\left(-\dfrac{5\pi}{6}\right)\right)

8(iii)

1. Express $z_2^n$ in exponential form using the result from part (i)

From part (i), z2=6e−iπ3z_2 = 6e^{-\mathrm{i}\frac{\pi}{3}}.

Applying index laws (De Moivre's theorem implicitly):
z2n=(6e−iπ3)n=6ne−inπ3z_2^n = \left(6e^{-\mathrm{i}\frac{\pi}{3}}\right)^n = 6^n e^{-\mathrm{i}\frac{n\pi}{3}}

2. Determine the condition for $z_2^n$ to be a positive real number and find $n$

For z2nz_2^n to be a strictly positive real number, its argument must be an integer multiple of 2π2\pi (since an argument of an odd multiple of π\pi would yield a negative real number).
−nπ3=2kπ,k∈Z-\frac{n\pi}{3} = 2k\pi, \quad k \in \mathbb{Z}
n=−6kn = -6k
To find the smallest positive integer nn, we take k=−1k = -1:
n=−6(−1)=6n = -6(-1) = 6

Answer

n=6n = 6

AI analysis — may contain mistakes.

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